Western Alliance Q3 2026 Earnings Call Transcript

Western Alliance (NYSE:WAL) reported third-quarter financial results on Tuesday. The transcript from the company’s third-quarter earnings call has been provided below.

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Summary

Western Alliance Bank reported significant improvements in asset quality, with nonaccrual loans declining by 14% and net charge-offs decreasing to $46 million.

The company made substantial strides in reducing deposit costs by transitioning $3 billion of higher-cost deposits, which supported a 10 basis point increase in adjusted net interest margin.

Western Alliance repurchased $92 million of shares, representing approximately 1% of shares outstanding, and remains on track to hit its share repurchase target for the second half of 2026.

PPNR grew 6% year-over-year, while EPS increased by 7.5% to $2.45, driven by growth in net interest income and noninterest income.

Net interest income increased 5.4% from the prior quarter, benefiting from loan growth despite a reduction in average earning assets due to deposit optimization.

The company revised its 2026 outlook, expecting deposit optimization to total at least $5 billion by year-end, and adjusted its net interest income growth expectation to 11%-12%.

Western Alliance continued to experience robust loan growth, notably in C&I and select CRE businesses, while maintaining strong credit trends and reserve coverage.

Management expressed confidence in continued asset quality improvement and reiterated strategic focus on sustainable, risk-adjusted growth.

Full Transcript

OPERATOR

Please go ahead. Thank you. Welcome to Western Alliance Bank’s third quarter 2026 conference call. Our speakers today are Ken Vecchione, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Vishal Idnani, Chief Financial Officer. Before I hand the call over to Ken, please note that today’s presentation contains forward-looking statements which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

For a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, please refer to the Company’s SEC filings, including the Form 8-K filed yesterday, which are available on the Company’s website. Now for opening remarks, I’d like to turn the call over to Ken Vecchione.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Good afternoon everyone. I’ll make some brief comments about our third quarter 2026 performance before handing the call over to Vishal to discuss our financial results and drivers in more detail. After reviewing our revised 2026 outlook, Dale, Tim and Lynn will join us for Q&A. As usual, Western Alliance entered the quarter with three strategic objectives front and center: improve asset quality, lower deposit costs and accelerate share repurchases.

We exited the quarter having made significant strides against each of these goals, which I’m pleased to update you on today. Asset quality improved meaningfully in the third quarter. Nonaccrual loans declined 14% or $77 million from the prior quarter to $485 million, exceeding the expectations outlined in our guidance update. Last month we successfully resolved two additional credits from the six identified at May’s Investor Day, and the remaining two are on a glide path towards resolution before year end. Net charge-offs also improved, declining $9 million from the prior quarter to $46 million.

Net charge-offs decreased 7 basis points to 30 basis points, combined with a 4 basis point increase in the allowance to funded HFI loans to 93 basis points. The reduction in nonaccruals drove ACL coverage of nonaccrual loans sharply higher, increasing 22 percentage points to 118%. Our second strategic objective was the intentional transition of higher-cost deposits off the balance sheet to lower our overall funding costs and improve balance sheet profitability. Here too, we made substantial progress during the quarter. We transitioned $3 billion of higher-cost ECR-related deposits while keeping total deposits essentially flat compared with the prior quarter. This was a herculean achievement supported by a strong quarter of commercial banking deposit growth of $1.8 billion.

These actions reduced deposit costs by $14 million from Q2 and supported a 10 basis point quarterly expansion in adjusted net interest margin. Importantly, this decline in deposit costs represents a positive departure from prior third quarters when funding costs have typically peaked. We remain well positioned for additional deposit cost reductions in Q4 as we realize the full-quarter benefit of these lower balances. We exceeded our original deposit optimization goal by $1.5 billion with $4.5 billion of deposits remixed over the prior two quarters, one quarter earlier than expected.

With another $500 million expected to transition in Q4, this initiative is nearly complete. Finally, our more balanced growth profile has enhanced our flexibility to prioritize share repurchases while maintaining robust capital levels. In Q3, we repurchased $92 million of shares against our $150 million target for the second half of 2026, representing approximately 1.15 million shares or roughly 1% of shares outstanding. We have continued to repurchase shares at attractive valuations into Q4 and remain on track to achieve our second half repurchase objectives.

Taken together, these accomplishments support sustainable, risk-adjusted PPNR growth and increasing profitability, keeping us on track to achieve the medium-term goals outlined at Investor Day. I’ll hand the call over to Vishal to review our Q3 financial results.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Thanks, Ken. Western Alliance delivered another quarter of strong and steady financial performance with continued earnings growth, improving credit trends, and strong reserve coverage alongside increased capital return. PPNR grew 6% year over year to 419 million while EPS increased 7.5% to $2.45. Net interest income grew 8% or 57 million, driven by continued HFI loan growth, while noninterest income increased 10% or 19 million, reflecting continued momentum in commercial banking fee income, partially offset by rate-driven headwinds in mortgage banking.

Net revenue increased 76 million over the past year compared with approximately 51 million of growth in noninterest expense and supported continued growth in pre-provision net revenue. Credit trends also improved. Provision expense remained essentially flat year over year while nonaccrual loans declined to 79 basis points of funded HFI loans, and reserve coverage increased to 118%. This helped drive net income of 277 million, up 6% from a year ago.

And while our strategic actions have moderated balance sheet growth over the past two quarters, profitability has continued to improve. ROTCE increased 20 basis points from Q2 to 15.5%. Overall, we’re encouraged by our financial trajectory. The actions we’ve taken over the past two quarters, many of which we outlined at Investor Day in May, are strengthening the durability of our earnings and positioning us well as we move forward. Turning to the income statement on slide 5, net interest income of 808 million increased 5.4% from the prior quarter on a linked-quarter annualized basis, benefiting from 1.5 billion of growth in average HFI loans. This more than offset lower average earning assets as our deposit optimization actions reduced excess liquidity and continued to improve balance sheet profitability. Noninterest income increased 8 million quarter over quarter, or 4%, to 207 million.

Commercial banking fee momentum continued to build, increasing 6 million sequentially and 26 million year over year. That growth, along with higher securities gains, more than offset lower mortgage banking revenue. Mortgage banking revenue of 80 million declined only 5 million from the prior quarter despite a challenging rate environment. Mortgage production decreased 4% and rate lock volume decreased 14% year over year, while gain-on-sale margins remained stable at 27 basis points.

Our use of private-label securitizations helps support secondary market revenue, partially offsetting rate-driven pressure on origination volumes and margins. Noninterest expense increased 12 million from Q2 to 595 million. As Ken mentioned, we were pleased with the $14 million decrease in deposit costs, reflecting the 4.5 billion of deposit optimization completed to date, with another 500 million expected to transition in Q4. This quarterly decline marks a welcome shift from prior third quarters when we have typically experienced an increase in deposit costs as balances rebuild during the first half of the year.

We expect a further reduction in deposit costs in the fourth quarter. Taken together, the quarter reflects continued progress in shifting the balance sheet toward higher returning assets, building our commercial banking fee businesses, and reducing the structural cost of our deposit base. Turning to the balance sheet on slide 6, securities and cash declined approximately 1 billion from Q2 to 25.6 billion, reflecting deployment into loans and the impact of our deposit optimization strategy. Securities and cash represented 26% of assets, while our HFI loan-to-deposit ratio increased approximately 1 percentage point to 75%, moving closer to our medium-term target of 77% to 80%. HFI loans grew 600 million during the quarter, with more than half of the growth coming from C&I and a solid contribution from select CRE businesses.

Total deposits declined by only 119 million despite more than 3 billion of deposit optimization during the quarter. Commercial banking deposits helped offset those actions, growing 1.8 billion in Q3 and increasing to 34% of total deposits. Another benefit of our optimization efforts was a 10% quarterly decline in period-end borrowings to 5.6 billion, which further supported quarterly improvements in both the adjusted and reported NIMs. Overall, total assets decreased 629 million from Q2 to 98.1 billion, while total equity decreased 188 million, primarily reflecting the change in AOCI from higher interest rates and our share repurchases.

Tangible book value per share decreased $1.02 sequentially to 62.22, yet remained up more than 6% year over year. Looking at loan growth on slide 7, HFI loans grew 600 million in Q3 with continued strength across our commercial businesses. C&I loans grew nearly 350 million in the quarter and have driven approximately 90% of our 4.9 billion of HFI loan growth over the past year. We also saw solid growth in select CRE businesses. Commercial loan growth was partially offset by an approximately 350 million decline in mortgage warehouse and MSR balances as softer mortgage demand reduced line utilization.

We remain focused on moving our HFI loan-to-deposit ratio toward our 77% to 80% medium-term target and continue to expect commercial loan growth to lead us toward that goal. Turning to deposits on slide 8, commercial banking deposits grew 1.8 billion in the quarter, increasing to 34% of our deposit base from 31% last quarter. This strong commercial banking growth offset most of the purposeful reduction in higher-cost deposits, resulting in total deposits of 81.8 billion and essentially flat from Q2. Our remixing efforts were concentrated in noninterest-bearing deposits with associated ECRs. As a result, noninterest-bearing deposits with no ECRs now represent 39% of total noninterest-bearing deposits compared to 33% at the end of Q1 before we began our optimization efforts.

Turning to our net interest drivers on slide 9, securities yields decreased 2 basis points from Q2 to 4.62%, reflecting a modest portfolio mix shift, while HFI loan yields increased 2 basis points to 5.84% due to higher commercial loan yields. The FOMC rate hike occurred just two weeks before quarter end, so the benefit was not fully reflected in Q3 earning asset yields. The cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 2 basis points to 2.76%, reflecting the active remix of our deposit base away from ECR-related deposits and into interest-bearing commercial deposits.

Interest-bearing deposits increased approximately 2 billion during the quarter as part of that remix. Overall liability funding costs increased 6 basis points to 2.02% as borrowing and debt costs increased, partially reflecting the full-quarter impact of a subordinated debt rate reset late in Q2. Looking at slide 10, net interest income grew 11 million from Q2, or 5% annualized, to 808 million, primarily reflecting higher average HFI loan balances. Net interest margin expanded 4 basis points to 3.57% as average earning asset yields increased 10 basis points, partially offset by a 6 basis point increase in funding costs. Average earning assets declined 785 million from Q2, primarily reflecting a 1.7 billion reduction in average cash as our deposit optimization efforts reduced excess liquidity, while average HFI loans increased 1.5 billion.

Turning to slide 11, the adjusted efficiency ratio increased 110 basis points from Q2 to 50%. As mentioned earlier, noninterest expense increased approximately 12 million in Q3 as higher salaries and employee benefits more than offset a $14 million reduction in deposit costs. That reduction reflected lower average ECR-related deposit balances of 30.1 billion, down from 31.6 billion in Q2. Higher salaries and employee benefits reflected an extra day in the quarter and targeted investments to support future growth and efficiency.

These investments included additional hiring to support our lower-cost specialized deposit channels and new AI initiatives, as well as converting technology consultants to full-time employees, which we expect will reduce contractor expense going forward. On a sequential basis, net revenue and noninterest expense each grew approximately 2%, resulting in an essentially flat reported efficiency ratio of 58%. On slide 12, we remain slightly asset sensitive on a net interest income basis. Of total earning assets, 66% are variable with 52% repricing to SOFR, while variable liabilities represent 86% of total earning assets. Nonmaturity deposit rates, including ECRs, are estimated to have a 65% beta over the next 12 months when we incorporate the rate sensitivity of ECR-related deposit costs and mortgage banking revenue. That asset sensitivity largely moderates, and our modeling indicates a neutral position on an earnings-at-risk basis.

Turning to slide 13, I’ll echo Ken’s comments and highlight the continued improvement in our key asset quality metrics. Classified assets declined 37 million to less than 1.1 billion, largely reflecting two additional nonaccrual resolutions previously identified, with two more expected to resolve this quarter. Nonaccrual loans declined 77 million, or 14%, from Q2 to 485 million, reducing the ratio to funded HFI loans by 13 basis points to 79 basis points.

Classified accruing loans were essentially flat at 441 million, or 72 basis points of funded loans, while OREO increased 39 million to 165 million. Special mention loans increased 81 million as we continue to actively migrate loans to special mention in order to facilitate early identification, elevation, and resolution. As shown in the appendix, Western Alliance continues to compare favorably with our 50 billion to 350 billion asset peers across special mention, classified, and criticized loan categories both currently and historically.

The improvement in nonaccrual loans, together with stable classified accruing balances, kept overall criticized loans relatively flat at 1.3 billion. On slide 14, provision expense was 80 million, replenishing net charge-offs of 46 million and supporting incremental loan growth. The resulting allowance for loan losses increased 3 basis points to 0.83% of funded HFI loans, while our total loan ACL ratio increased 4 basis points to 93 bps. Excluding loans covered by credit-linked notes, the total loan ACL to funded loans ratio increased 6 basis points to 1.07% compared with 1.01% last quarter. Based on our C&I loan growth trends, we expect the allowance to continue to build in the fourth quarter.

Continued execution on nonaccrual resolutions, together with the increase in reserves, drove total loan ACL coverage of nonaccrual loans to 118%, up from 96% in Q2. Looking at capital on slide 15, our tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio decreased 10 basis points from Q2 to 6.9%, primarily reflecting the change in AOCI from higher interest rates and accelerated share repurchases, partially offset by earnings growth and the reduction in our balance sheet from the deposit optimization. I’d also note that the vast majority of our securities are classified as available for sale. Our CET1 ratio decreased 10 basis points from Q2 to 10.9%, reflecting loan growth and share repurchases while remaining above well-capitalized levels.

During Q3, we repurchased 92.1 million, or approximately 1.15 million shares, at an average price of 79.78. This brought cumulative repurchases since the program’s inception to 212.5 million, or about 2.7 million shares through September 30th. Turning to slide 16, tangible book value per share increased 6% year over year and has grown at a 16% CAGR since the end of 2015. Over that period, our tangible book value growth has been approximately four times the peer median. As a reminder, the peer comparison is presented on a one-quarter lag, with Western Alliance reflecting Q3 results and peers reflecting Q2. As Q3 results are incorporated across the peer group, we expect the comparison to better reflect the impact of the higher rate environment across the industry.

I’ll now hand the call back to Kim.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Okay, thanks, Vishal. As I discussed in my opening remarks, Western Alliance made significant progress during the quarter against several of the priorities established at our Investor Day in May. The nonaccrual resolutions and continued reserve build helped address a key credit overhang while further strengthening reserve coverage. Our deposit optimization efforts have positioned the balance sheet for improved profitability, benefits of which are already evident in our third quarter results.

We also accelerated share repurchases reflecting both the trajectory of our business and our confidence in the long-term value of the franchise. Given our current valuation, we continue to view share repurchases as an attractive and disciplined use of capital. With that context, our updated 2026 outlook is as follows. Deposit optimization is now expected to total at least $5 billion by year end compared to the $3 billion previously identified on our second quarter earnings call. As a result, we are revising our deposit growth outlook lower by a comparable amount from $6 billion to a range of $3.5 to $4 billion. Strong momentum in commercial banking deposits combined with encouraging growth from our newer deposit verticals continues to support a lower-cost and more durable funding base for the remainder of the year.

The outperformance in deposit optimization naturally reduces the overall deposit growth outlook. I would also remind everyone that the fourth quarter typically experiences seasonal deposit outflows, which are incorporated into our forecast. Loan growth is being revised lower by $1 billion in conjunction with the transition of excess deposits off the balance sheet. In addition, warehouse lending activity is expected to be restrained by two factors: typically seasonal softness in Q4 and elevated interest rates, which continue to temper mortgage demand. The higher marginal HFI loan-to-deposit growth should place us within our medium-term target range of 77% to 80% by year end.

Net interest income is now expected to grow between 11% and 12%. The revised outlook reflects the purposeful actions taken within our deposit base and the corresponding impact on average earning assets compared with our prior expectation of 12% to 14% growth. Our forecast incorporates a 25 basis point rate increase in December. While we are pleased with the net interest margin expansion delivered in the third quarter, NIM typically experiences a 3 to 4 basis point headwind in the fourth quarter due to seasonal deposit outflows and the resulting increase in borrowings.

Total noninterest income is now projected to grow between 18% and 21% compared to 13% to 17% growth previously. This revision reflects strong Q3 performance and continued momentum in commercial banking fees. Mortgage banking revenue in Q4 is expected to be approximately $70 million, reflecting the seasonal slowdown in mortgage applications and the recent rise in mortgage rates. Turning to noninterest expense. Our deposit optimization efforts reversed the typical third quarter increase in deposit costs. We expect continued deposit cost reductions in Q4 supported by meaningfully lower ECR-related deposit balance of $26.7 billion at quarter end compared to $29.9 billion at the end of Q2. Lower balances should more than offset the impact of the September rate hike. As a result, we are lowering the upper end of our deposit cost guidance range to $650 to $675 million.

Importantly, we continue to invest in lower-cost deposit channels and AI initiatives where we are beginning to realize benefits from earlier investments. As a result, the operating expense range of $1.6 to $1.65 billion remains unchanged, although based on Q3 results, we currently expect to finish towards the upper end of that range. With respect to asset quality, we are reaffirming our core net charge-off guidance of 25 to 35 basis points, consistent with our Q3 results. We expect Q4 performance similar to Q3. We also expect nonaccrual loans to continue to decline. And lastly, our 2026 effective tax rate outlook remains at 19%.

Now, Vishal, Dale, Tim, Lynn and I will be happy to take your questions.

OPERATOR

We will now begin the question and answer session. Please limit yourself to one question and one follow up. If you would like to ask a question, please press Star one to raise your hand. To withdraw your question, press Star one again. We ask that you pick up your handset when asking a question to allow for optimum sound quality. If you are muted locally, please remember to unmute your device. Please stand by while we compile the Q and A roster. Your first question comes from the line of David Feaster with Raymond James.

Your line is open. Please go ahead.

David Feaster (Analyst at Raymond James)

Hey, good morning. I wanted to follow up on the deposit optimization side you talked about. You got about $500 million optimization remaining, I guess after these deposit optimization efforts. How do you think about your ability to fund accelerating loan growth with these lower-cost deposits? Given the hiring that you talked about, it sounds like you’re prepping to be able to sustain the improved funding costs. So just kind of curious on that. And then maybe how the impact on the mortgage deposits from the mortgage—you talked about some of the higher-rate impacts on the mortgage market—how that could impact the mortgage deposit side too.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Okay, so we have about five or six deposit channels that report underneath Dale, and we expect going forward that those deposit channels will grow at a higher percentage or higher growth rate than our traditional other channels. Those channels, for the most part, are at a much lower cost basis. And so we expect to fund our growth through the business lines of HOA, corporate trust, business escrow services—that’s for reference—that will help propel our growth going forward.

I’ll also say that our deposit growth, whereas previous years—go back to 2025—we grew about $10 billion in deposits, we don’t need to bring in that type of deposit growth because we’re also moderating our loan growth somewhat. So we think we’re going to have the opportunity here to pick and choose a little bit on deposit optimization in terms of what deposit channels we want to accentuate and where we want to go out and get our deposits. So that’s that question. On the deposits related to the mortgage business. Clearly, if the mortgage industry begins to slow down, you would expect to see some of the mortgage deposits also slow down with the volume. And so we are anticipating that for 2027. Offsetting that though is we’ve taken some opportunities to launch this year for private label securitization transactions. Those are for PLS trades. And why do I highlight them? Well, first, the MSR related to those PLS trades is about a third of the cost of our normal MSRs.

So we get to hold an MSR balance that’s two-thirds less than we used to hold, but we get to keep all those deposits. Heretofore we have a cap of 25%. And as you know, if you cross over 25%, the risk-weighted asset deposits is very punitive in terms of being two and a half times the value of the MSR. So we’ll be able to grow MSRs and keep those deposits with us rather than selling MSRs. And sometimes when we sell MSRs, the deposits move away from us.

I want to say the deposits that are attached to the MSRs come in at roughly 20 basis points. So the PLS transaction has several benefits. One, it provides us extra margin, which is going to be helpful for the mortgage income. It also provides us with a smaller MSR balance and also allows us to keep and retain balances that are deposit balances that are very low cost.

David Feaster (Analyst at Raymond James)

Thanks, David, that’s super helpful. And the other, you know, kind of the other key initiative, right, has been credit. That’s been one of the other things that’s kind of weighed on the stock, and you’ve made a lot of headway on the credit side. Nonaccruals are lowest they’ve been in over a year. You made improvement in the criticized CRE too. As you look at credit today—and obviously higher rates could impact that—as you stress the book with higher rates, is there anything that you’re watching closely, anything within C&I or the CRE buckets, and just maybe how you think about credit and the potential for credit leverage as we look forward?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, so I think we did make great progress on asset quality, and—taking a second to collectively pat ourselves on the back a little bit—we see continued asset quality progress heading into Q4 with NPLs again coming down from the Q3 levels as we complete the two credits that still need to be resolved. And again, as I said, we’re on a glide path to resolving them, and we have a very high confidence level that those will be resolved. And we also see charge-offs being no greater than the level they were in Q3, but more likely coming down from that as well.

So that kind of gives you a little bit of a Q3 into Q4 viewpoint of asset quality. As it relates to stressing the portfolio and looking at the portfolio, it is our nature that we always stress all credits before they’re granted, and we put in different stress mechanisms. But generally, for the longest period of time, we stress all the credits up 150 basis points for the impact of rates. So when we approve credits, we already are factoring in that rates will be 150 basis points higher than whatever the then-prevailing rate is. And if the deal works at that time with debt service coverage ratio and so forth, then we feel comfortable to approve it.

Right now we’re not seeing any bubbles in the book. And we just do our reviews every quarter, and we always do them right before the earnings call. So right now there isn’t any heightened concern in any one part of the book, other than to say, as my chief credit officer sits to the left of me, she always is nervous and is always cautious. But really there’s no big bubble that we see in the book at this time.

OPERATOR

Matthew Clark with Piper Sandler.

Matthew Clark (Analyst at Piper Sandler)

Yeah, good morning. Thank you. Just on expenses, I think you mentioned during your prepared remarks that maybe the higher end of the range for the overall expense guide—that implies about, I think, $570 million for the fourth quarter. I know there’s relief coming in deposit costs, but where else should we expect to see some relief in that run rate?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

I don’t know I’d use the word relief. I would say that in Q3, operating expenses rose because of the investments that we are making structurally in the business. I think that’s pretty important to the first question that we received about where do you think deposit growth is going to come from this quarter. Q3 we added more people count to a number of our deposit channels to begin to staff up for the pipelines that we currently have. So we’re putting money into the deposit channel businesses—that’s one place.

Second place we’re putting money in is in AI initiatives, and we’re beginning to see some early signs of positive returns on what we’re doing, and other initiatives will take a little longer to be realized. And then the third thing we’re doing in the expenses is beginning to transition out consultants and hiring our own folks, and that will take probably another quarter or so before we begin to see the benefit, and that benefit will probably come at us in the early part of 2027.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Yeah Matt, it’s Vishal here. I agree with that and I think what you’re getting at is you do have the guidance range so you can back solve into what we have for expenses. So obviously you have the range for the deposit costs. We did cut the top end of that down given the continued success we’re having in the optimization. So we do think you’ll see a further decline in deposit costs there. And then when you look at the noninterest expense excluding the deposit costs I do think you will see a reduction in the fourth quarter given some of the things we did in the third quarter. So there will be a decline in some of those line items going into the fourth quarter in line with the full year guidance we’ve given you.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, I just want to add one other thing to—Vishal hit on an important point with Q4 deposit books. The fact that we’ve taken off four and a half or transitioned out $4.5 billion, you can calculate what the implied deposit cost rate is, but the savings on that four and a half billion is able to absorb the 25 basis point increase on the ECR-related deposits in Q4 and still have a decline in overall deposit costs. So that is a very important benefit on deposit optimization that we’re also able to bring down our overall total deposit cost going into Q4.

Matthew Clark (Analyst at Piper Sandler)

Great. And then just on fee income, just want to clarify the implied guidance there. I know your guidance includes gains, securities gains. So just want to level set the fourth quarter. Is that 140 to 260 million the right range to think about for 4Q? I got the mortgage revenue which is helpful, I just want to make sure we’re on the same page.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Yeah, no, I appreciate that question. I think you’ve got it there, which is if you take the range we gave, which is up 18 to 21%, and you backsolve what the year-to-date fee income is, we are providing that number on an all-in basis. So that includes the securities gains in there. So what that would imply when you look at it is there would be a decrease from the third to the fourth quarter. It’s hard to say exactly what that’s going to be. Obviously mortgage—we’ll have to see where that lands up.

Our best estimate right now is down 70 million. I do think we’re down to 70 million. And I think you will be probably on the higher side of that range when you’re thinking about fee income based on what we’re seeing right now. But it will be dependent on mortgage.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Jared Shaw with Barclays Capital.

Jared Shaw (Analyst at Barclays)

Hey, good morning.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Morning, Jared.

Jared Shaw (Analyst at Barclays)

Morning. Just looking at credit, you know, great progress on the NPLs and the two remaining. You know, as we look out, you know, sort of once those two are resolved, how should we think about normalized net charge-offs for the company? Is that still in that 25 to 35 basis points once we’re done with whatever is being resolved in fourth quarter?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Did I lose you guys? Did you not hear it? I said yes, you’re exactly correct.

Jared Shaw (Analyst at Barclays)

Okay, sorry, I cut out there for a minute. Okay, thanks. And then just going back to the expense side, you know, looking at the non-ECR expense going into fourth quarter, is that what’s going to be driving that? Is that just more of a normalization on the salary side or is that a new base that we should be building from?

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

No, I think there will be a normalization there. And so if you back out the deposit fees and you look at the rest of the noninterest expense ex deposit fees, given what we said here, you would see a decline there, you know, anywhere—think about it, given we said the higher end of the range—by, call it, 5% to 7%. So there is going to be that decline that happens there in the fourth quarter. There was a little bit of what we were doing in terms of hiring that happened in the third, but there’s a churn there as well.

So I would not take the third quarter—that is not the new run rate to grow expenses off of. The expenses ex deposit fees will be down in the fourth quarter and I would back into it based on the full year guidance we’ve given you of that range and towards the top end of that range.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Ben Jerlinger with Citi.

Ben Jerlinger (Analyst at Citi)

Hi, good afternoon. Good morning.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Hey, morning, Ben.

Ben Jerlinger (Analyst at Citi)

Hey, I just want to touch base on the six credits that are now just kind of two remaining. Could you kind of just talk through how they got resolved or they’re no longer on that local list? Was it a sale or was there equity put in? I’m just kind of curious how they got resolved.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

I just want to make sure—you came in a little choppy. Ben, I’m just going to restate your question. You’re asking how did the two credits get resolved in Q3? Is that the question?

Ben Jerlinger (Analyst at Citi)

It was the remaining. There’s the previous four, but in general to see how they got better. Yes.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

So the four that we’ve been mentioning and tracking were ultimately sale of assets off the books and moved outside of the bank.

Ben Jerlinger (Analyst at Citi)

Got it. Was there seller financing?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

We did not provide that.

Ben Jerlinger (Analyst at Citi)

Okay. And then just lastly, it seems like you’re alluding to improved credit into the end of the year and into next year. Is there anything on the REO perspective that would be on the table here that should also be expected as well, or are we just looking at these last two remaining ones into year end?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

So for the year end, we’re just looking at two more that will help reduce the NPLs. We will always be mindful and try to reduce REO. We use REO in a very strategic way. We take properties back. Generally, our whole REO book, I should say, has revenues greater than operating expenses, so it’s a net contributor to earnings. But really the importance for us is to take the property back, put in the value-add that’s needed, and then increase the occupancy, decrease the vacancy, and then move it off our books.

And if you go back to, say, Q2 of 2025, you’ll see our REO was as high as 218 and then it came down by year end to $137 million. So we move things in and out of there and we find it’s better to take these properties back and make the changes that are necessary, increase value and then sell them back to the market. I also want to say when we take the REO or we take the properties back to REO, we do mark them to market. And so they all come in at current valuations and then if they’re there any longer than a year, we also remark them again to make sure that the valuations are accurate.

If not, then we take a charge for them. If they go up, we don’t take any gain until we sell.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Timor Brosler, UBS.

Timor Brosler (Analyst at UBS)

Hi, good morning. Wanted to talk quickly on the margin. I don’t know if there was an outlook or just a reference point, but the comment that margin is typically down 3 to 4 basis points in the fourth quarter—just how does that triangulate to this year where it seems like loan growth for the year has already been achieved? You’re asset sensitive on the balance sheet and the offset from ECRs is somewhat mitigated given the fact that they’re exiting here and you’re getting the full kind of average effect in 4Q.

So is the 4Q guide going to be more or less referenced to that historical 3 to 4 basis point range or is there going to be more net asset sensitivity here in the near term as ECRs are less of a mitigating factor?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, the Q4 guide is more directed to what has happened in this company historically, and where we’ve seen the decrease in net interest margin is because we have a higher proportion of mortgage-related deposits leave the bank and we have to backfill it with other borrowings. And the other borrowings obviously cost more than the deposit cost and it weighs a little bit more on the margin. These deposits then come back in in Q4 and then the margin then returns—moves upward.

But historically we’ve seen three to four basis points for the last several years of impact to the margin because of the exit or temporary exit of these warehouse lending deposits.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

I would just add, while we typically have some compression in the fourth quarter, exactly because of what Ken said—you’ve got the warehouse deposits coming out and you have to take out more borrowings—dollars of NII will be flat to up in the fourth quarter. When you’re thinking about Q3 to Q4, I think you’ll see the dollar NII up slightly, anywhere from, call it, 1 to 2 percentage points, which you can kind of look at, sort of, what the full-year guide is and back into it.

But I think it will be up from a dollar perspective, while there is going to be a little bit of compression on the NIM side.

Timor Brosler (Analyst at UBS)

Okay. And then maybe looking beyond kind of the near term, once the deposit optimization program is complete, what’s the next step for Western Alliance? Are we going back to $8 billion on deposit growth, $6 billion in loan growth annually, or is there going to be more of a consideration on funding of that loan growth? I’m just wondering, you know, ECR-related deposits—what’s the go-forward portion of the funding that’s going to come from those balances?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, we’ll give you more specific guidance when we do our Q4 earnings call in January. But I think the guidance you can take away from Investor Day is what we’re still continuing to follow, which is we’re going to have slower, or more moderate I’ll say, loan growth to be in the top quartile of our peers rather than to be outside the top quartile. And by doing that, we’re also going to have less of a need for deposit growth and that’s how we’re structuring the business going forward.

And then the excess capital that we generate, assuming that the share price is where it’s at, we will continue to be buyers of our shares.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Chris McGrady with KBW.

Chris McGrady (Analyst at KBW)

Oh, great, thanks. The 16 to 17% ROTC that you threw out as medium term—earlier this year did about 15 in the quarter. I’m interested, I guess, in an update of timing given the shift in the balance sheet. That’s the first question.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Thanks. Yeah, I would say, you know, when we were at Investor Day in May, we said we were going to target that two and a half to three years out. So I think, you know, just bring that in from there. So it’s still sort of two to two and a half years is where we think we’re going to get there. And remember the whole point of that range was it is where we can sustainably get to an ROE between the 16 to 17% and we landed at 15 and a half percent in the third quarter.

So we don’t think we’re that far from the bottom end of the range. And the way we’re going to get there is all the different things we’re talking about here. And one thing I’d highlight is we’re making a very big push on the treasury management side, trying to bring in more fee income, even trying to get more of those core operating accounts, lower-cost deposits. So there’s a lot of different initiatives that are going on at the bank to get there. But I would say, Chris, call it two, two and a half years from now; hopefully we’ll get there on the sooner side given we’re at 15 and a half today.

Chris McGrady (Analyst at KBW)

Okay, great. And then on the buyback, I mean just taking the 150 that you put out earlier would imply some modest deceleration, I guess, to keep at these levels or perhaps even increase. Is it just Basel III finalization? You know, obviously the TC ratio matters to some degree, but I guess I’m asking about sustainability of current buyback levels. Thanks.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah. There are a couple things that we will consider as we go forward and come out of ’26 into ’27. First, we do want to see what the final Basel III rules are and that’ll help inform us what we are going to do in ’27 regarding buybacks. But we also want to target, continue to target that 11 area for CET1. And the reason why we’re focused on that is that we’re looking to get an upgrade on our short-term and long-term credit ratings and why that’s important.

Go back to the first call about where deposit growth is going to come from. We believe a higher credit upgrade will give us more ability, give us a greater ability to attract more deposits in some of our emerging deposit channels. And so that’s what we’re going to balance that out against the short and the long term. Of course, if the price looks as attractive as it is today, we’re going to be buyers, but we’re going to try to balance that against the 11%. And I don’t want to give short shrift to the TCE. I mean, that we do think is important and for us, we are working over time to bring our TCE, which only went down 10 basis points. And just so I can tell you that had we not done the deposit optimization, we probably would have been down another 20 basis points.

So the deposit optimization added 20 bps to TCE. And so our goal is to kind of bring our TC to TA up towards our peer group, which is in that 7.6 to 7.8 range. And that’s one of our goals as well. But we’re going to look at all those things together.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Chris, it’s Vishal here. The only thing I’d add obviously is you can see where we bought back the $92 million at $79.78 and the stock right now is trading at $75. So you can imagine we think this is a very attractive price to be buying back shares.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from David Smith with Truist.

David Smith (Analyst at Truist)

Hey, good morning.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Morning. Good morning.

David Smith (Analyst at Truist)

Can you talk a little bit more about where the loan growth is coming from? I guess just coming from $58.7 billion in the fourth quarter of last year. Imply another billion or so in the fourth quarter to get right to the $4 billion target. So speak a little bit about the types of loans you’re expecting that to come from, please.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, so the HFI portfolio grew 4% on a linked-quarter annualized basis this quarter, and it was across regional banking, hotel franchise finance, tech and innovation. That growth, supported by MSR lending and note finance, offset a mild decline in warehouse lending as mortgage production slowed in response to mortgage rates. And I would foresee those same areas driving the volume going forward. But Tim Bruckner is our Chief Banking Officer. Tim, you want to add anything to that?

Tim Bruckner (Chief Banking Officer – Regional Banking)

Yeah, I’d just say I’m very pleased to see the growth in the specialty initiatives that we’ve identified and spoken about, and that’s paired with the corresponding growth in deposit and treasury management fee-related business. So it is growth as a function of our strategy now in action. Thank you.

David Smith (Analyst at Truist)

And then on the NIM for the fourth quarter, I know you mentioned historically you often see a three or four basis point seasonal headwind from mortgage warehouse deposit outflows being backfilled with borrowings. But since you’re almost done with the deposit optimization, shouldn’t that seasonality be less today and going forward than it has been historically?

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

I mean, we still have a fair amount of warehouse lending deposits and those deposits will roll off temporarily and they do have to be replaced by other borrowings. So that trend is still going to continue. Now this is the typical seasonal stuff we see with the T&I payments. It builds up over the first three quarters of the year. You have those outflows in the fourth quarter, then obviously you see that spike back up in the first quarter. So I think that’s very typical for us. I think you do have the right point, which is while we do have marginally less warehouse deposits, you might see a little bit less seasonality, but there is still the remainder of the book that’s there.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from John Arfstrom with RBC Capital Markets.

John Arfstrom (Analyst at RBC Capital Markets)

Hey, thanks. Good morning. Where would you guys like the reserves to go over time? Do you expect to continue to build that ratio?

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Yeah, so the peer group reserves are about 1.18% and our ACL is 93 basis points last quarter. I don’t know what’s going to happen fully this quarter, but last quarter we went up two basis points and the rest of the peer group came down three and that narrowed the group. So to be honest with you, John, we don’t necessarily target an absolute number, but rather we target through our CECL process the quality of our portfolio book. We stress test it.

We then make certain decisions, like this quarter when we added overlays into the models for a higher interest rate environment, uncertainty with the macroeconomic environment, and also some uncertainty with the geopolitical environment. And that kind of moved us up. In addition, as you’ve heard us say many times, we are moving away from being a little bit more CRE-centric to more C&I-centric. And that combination of the portfolio composition change will kind of lead us upward as we look at where we’re going. For our strategic plan, we have just basically said think of it as about 2 bps per quarter given where we see the composition of the loan growth moving throughout 2027.

John Arfstrom (Analyst at RBC Capital Markets)

Okay, good. And then I guess maybe a financial psychology question for you, Ken. Do you like this strategy? You’re comfortable with the strategy of the mid to high single-digit loan growth and repurchases, or do you feel like the more moderate loan growth approach is holding back your businesses at all?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Oh boy, John, I’m going to have to sit down or lay down on my couch for that one and cut you a check for a couple hundred dollars if we want to talk about that. It’s working so far. But I’m just curious, is it holding you? It is. Yeah. Well, it’s my nature to be more of an organic grower. And we’ve shown great results as a company growing that way through total shareholder return. We’re reevaluating. We don’t have a broken company here. We are reevaluating how best to get valuation higher in this company.

And we weren’t getting rewarded for that excess growth above the peer group. And so what we’re doing is we’re bringing in the excess growth, as you know. We had a blip in Q1’s asset quality. I think we’re showing that that was in fact a blip. And you go back and look at 15 years of track record here, and we’ve averaged 10 basis points. Go back over the last five years and you see we’ve averaged 17 basis points of charge-offs, still lower than our peer group. You can go back and look at our classified assets, our criticized and our special mention currently to our peer group, you can see that we’re in the top quartile of all that.

So we’re bringing in loan growth, we’re improving or reaffirming asset quality and we are lowering the growth of the balance sheet and not taking in deposits like we normally did where we were making a smaller spread on the income because some of those deposits had some volatility to them in terms of how long we can lend them out for. So therefore we put them into HQA, we’re making a small spread and hence we’re trying to get more out of our base and to grow our return on average tangible common equity and return on average assets.

So that’s the growth we’re going to, that’s the plan. Very clear about that on investor day and we’re still working towards that. And so what that’s going to mean, and actually helpful somewhat, is that Tim Bruckner sitting to my right gets to be far more selective about what loans he wants and should in fact be able to bring in loans at higher spreads than just bringing in all this deposit growth where you need to put it back out into lower loan growth. Tim.

Tim Bruckner (Chief Banking Officer – Regional Banking)

Thanks, Ken. What’s neat about the growth that you’re seeing is exactly in the segments and sectors that we have indicated as being desirable, and it’s bringing with it exactly the deposit and fee business that we sought out. We are prescriptive in how we approach that growth and we’re seeing the results. Those results are encouraging.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Casey Hare, Autonomous Research.

Casey Hare (Analyst at Autonomous Research)

Great, thanks. Good morning everyone. Wanted to touch on deposit beta. You know most banks just point to the last cycle and say that’s a pretty good reference point. Obviously Western Alliance, a lot going on here. You’ve optimized a lot of the ECR deposits. Dale’s got some new initiatives in the works which sound like they’re lower cost. It all adds up to potentially a lower deposit beta. When I look at you guys last cycle, inclusive of ECR, I’ve got the deposit beta at around 75%.

Just wondering if you guys have given any thought to where that would settle out in the next Fed cycle.

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Yeah, sure thing, Casey. Obviously these are estimates based on the best information we have right now. We’re currently expecting our blended cumulative deposit beta to be about 65% over the next year, and that includes both the non-maturity deposits and the ECR-related deposits. To your point though, there is some nuance here between the types of deposits. So as we think about non-maturity deposits excluding ECRs, we’re expecting a beta anywhere from 55 to 60.

And when you think about the ECRs specifically, those deposits, you could see a beta of about 70 to 75%, given we do have those warehouse deposits which come closer to a 90 to 100% beta. So hopefully that gives you some color to get there.

Casey Hare (Analyst at Autonomous Research)

Yeah. Okay, I’m sorry. So which one is it, the all-in beta?

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

So 65% is the all-in beta, non-maturity deposits plus ECRs. If you were to exclude the ECRs, 55 to 60%. On the ECRs specifically, call it 70 to 75%. So when you blend those two ranges, you’d get an overall beta of about 65%.

Casey Hare (Analyst at Autonomous Research)

Okay, gotcha. Okay. And just one more on the NPL resolution front. I heard you guys talking about you stress the portfolio for higher interest rates, but do you guys have a line of sight on how much further the NPL resolution can go? You know, 14% redux in the third quarter. We’ve seen others with credit issues talk to the rising rate environment slowing down the resolution. Just wondering if there’s any way you could quantify what you expect in the coming year.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Well, I’ll give you the coming quarter and wait for the full year when we give you our full-year guidance in January. But the coming quarter, we have a high degree of confidence that the NPLs will continue to drop from the $485 million level that we’re at. As we said, we’ve got two credits. One is just completed, more or less, and the other one is scheduled for completion in the early part of December. And so that gives us the confidence that the NPLs will continue to improve from now through the end of the year.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Janet Lee with TD Cowen. Hello.

Janet Lee (Analyst at TD Cowen)

Could you talk to us about the lending side? On the lending side, on the competition, I get that much of the benefit from the rate hike in the third quarter was not showing up on the loan yields in the third quarter. I do see that the CRE loan yields were down a little bit. Wanted to see if there’s any meaningful changes in the competition on the lending side.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Sure. It’s a competitive environment and the acknowledgement of that is foundational in the plan that we’ve undertaken. We don’t look at relationships purely on a loan yield basis. We look at that on a relationship basis. And we’ve done a really good job of maximizing our relationship income, including deposits, including the fee business in the segments that we pursue and how we evaluate and pursue those segments. So we’re pleased with what we’re seeing.

If you approach this as a loan-only business today, it’s a tough and competitive environment.

Janet Lee (Analyst at TD Cowen)

If we were to get more rate hikes, how do you assess how much deposit optimization opportunity is still available or remaining? I understand that you’ve executed on the accelerated deposit optimization and 500 million more left in the fourth quarter. Are we at a good point place or is it something that you could revisit?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Janet, right now the 5 billion seems like the appropriate number. I said all along that this had to be finessed and in terms of how pleased we are we were able to transition the 5 or soon to be $5 billion off the balance sheet. We have not lost a single customer. We have not lost any loan opportunities as well. And I think we’re gonna pause here and see how the rest of the year shakes out. You know not many banks could have the precision to take out $3 billion in a quarter and still keep deposits flat. I mean I said in my opening remarks that’s herculean. I mean that is precision bombing. Okay. To be able to do that, this was no easy task. And to also accelerate in the deposit transitioning faster than we expected. So at this point we’re going to pause. 5 billion is significant and we’ll take another look at it after we complete the end of the year if we need to do anything differently.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Bernard Von Gitsky, Deutsche Bank.

Bernard Von Gitsky (Analyst at Deutsche Bank)

Good afternoon. Just a question on fees. Just any updates on the expected settlements within Juris Banking leading to higher service fees? Is that not expected in 4Q, still kind of like first half 27? Just any updates there?

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, I believe it’s really going to be in 27. There’s, you know, there’s a couple of big cases out there, Google being the most notable. But that’s still in a process even though settlement discussions I think are well along. So that’s probably a 27 to win.

Bernard Von Gitsky (Analyst at Deutsche Bank)

And just one more follow up on the fee income. Vishal, I think in 2Q you know you highlighted trying to hedge the volatility in mortgage market. You’d sell some covered call options. Did you have any income from that during the quarter and if so, do you expect that to continue?

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

We did have a little bit of that in here. It was a couple of million bucks. Nothing material in the quarter. And then I’d say going forward, opportunistically we’ll continue to look at that.

OPERATOR

Next question comes from Anthony Ilion with JP Morgan.

Anthony Ilion (Analyst at JP Morgan)

Hi, Vishal, can you help us unpack the outlook for NII for flat to slightly up in 4Q? And following up on Casey’s question on the beta, could you give us your expectations for deposit costs in 4Q relative to the 276 you had for interest bearing in 3Q?

Vishal Idnani (Chief Financial Officer)

Yeah, sure thing. So in terms of the NII, I’d say a couple of things. So one, we’ve, as Ken mentioned, typically in the fourth quarter we do see a little bit of a contraction in NIM. And if you go back the last three years, you can take a look at that. And again, it’s due to the seasonality in the warehouse business as those TNI payments come out, as we kind of refund some of that with borrowings, you’ve got some higher costs there. So that’s why you see a little bit of NIM compression in the fourth quarter.

That could be anywhere from, as Ken said, historically it’s been 3 to 4 bips. That being said, obviously the balance sheet is continuing to grow. We do have optimization, we have a remixing on the balance sheet. So when we think about the dollars of NII, I think we’re going to be flat to slightly up Q3 to Q4 from a dollar perspective. So hopefully that helps. On the first question, on the second question about the cost of interest-bearing deposits, they were up 2 bips quarter over quarter from 274 to 276. Obviously we had the rate hike in September in the middle of the month. So we are going to see, and we expect to see, cost of interest-bearing deposits up into the fourth quarter. When we look at where that sits today, if I look at the month of September it’s up to about 281, up five bips from where we were for the quarter.

But that doesn’t fairly capture the full projected increase, obviously given the time of the hike. So I would say just going forward, based on sort of the data assumptions we put out there and you know what we’re looking at in terms of 25 bps, I think you can back into a range there for cost of interest-bearing deposits to go up, call it anywhere from 10 to 15 bps.

OPERATOR

There are no further questions at this time. I will now turn the call back to Ken Vecchione for closing remarks.

Ken Vecchione (Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer)

Yeah, thank you very much for your time today. We were very pleased with the quarter, very pleased against the progress we made against our strategic initiatives. And we look forward to talking to you again in early January. Thank you all.

OPERATOR

This concludes today’s call. Thank you for attending. You may now disconnect.

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