According to the CITIC Securities Research Report, copper interconnection is approaching the physical limit, scale-up light entering copper is the general trend, and the value of NPO/CPO driven passive devices is being revalued. In terms of usage, FAU and optical engines form a 1:1 rigid package, and usage increases with pure scale-up increments; in terms of price, high channel, process, optical fiber, and pluggability quadruple premiums drive up FAU prices in NPO/CPO. Domestic passive manufacturers bind leading overseas customers through foundry/cooperation. The core barriers to FAU are high-precision manufacturing and large-scale delivery.

According to the CITIC Securities Research Report, copper interconnection is approaching the physical limit, scale-up light entering copper is the general trend, and the value of NPO/CPO driven passive devices is being revalued. In terms of usage, FAU and optical engines form a 1:1 rigid package, and usage increases with pure scale-up increments; in terms of price, high channel, process, optical fiber, and pluggability quadruple premiums drive up FAU prices in NPO/CPO. Domestic passive manufacturers bind leading overseas customers through foundry/cooperation. FAU's core barriers are high-precision manufacturing and large-scale delivery.